Co-exposure of sulfur nanoparticles and Cu alleviate Cu stress and toxicity to oilseed rape Brassica napus L.

Experiments were performed to explore the impact of sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) on growth, Cu accumulation, and physiological and biochemical responses of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) inoculated with 5 mg/L Cu-amended MS medium supplemented with or without 300 mg/L SNPs exposure. Cu exerted severe phytotoxicity and inhibited plant growth. SNPs application enhanced the shoot height, root length, and dry weight of shoot and root by 34.6%, 282%, 41.7% and 37.1%, respectively, over Cu treatment alone, while the shoot and root Cu contents and Cu-induced lipid perodixation as the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in shoots and roots were decreased by 37.6%, 35%, 28.4% and 26.8%. Further, the increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme activities caused by Cu stress were mitigated in shoots (10.9%–37.1%) and roots (14.6%–35.3%) with SNPs addition. SNPs also positively counteracted the negative effects on shoot K, Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Zn and Fe contents and root K, Ca, Mg and Mn contents from Cu exposure alone, and significantly promoted the nutrients accumulation in plant. Additionally, in comparison with common bulk sulfur particles (BSPs) and sulfate, SNPs showed more positive effects on promoting growth in shoots (6.7% and 19.5%) and roots (10.9% and 15.1%), as well as lowering the shoot Cu content (40.1% and 43.3%) under Cu stress. Thus, SNPs application has potential to be a green and sustainable technology for increasing plant productivity and reducing accumulation of toxic metals in heavy metal polluted soils.     

镧对镉胁迫下水稻幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

选择10mg·L-1La(N03)3作为生物调控因子,通过营养液培养实验,研究了水稻(Oryza sativa L.)幼苗在遭受镉胁迫(50mg·L-1和100mg·L-1两种CdCl2处理)后,稀土元素镧对抗氧化酶(SOD和CAT)活性、脂质过氧化产物MDA含量、质膜透性、叶绿素质量分数、根系活力、幼苗生长及镉质量分数等生理生长指标的影响,以探讨稀土在重金属胁迫下对作物的防护效应。研究结果表明:水稻幼苗遭受镉胁迫的初期,镧对提高SOD和CAT的活性,降低MDA含量和质膜透性,提高叶绿素质量分数和根系活力有明显的正效应,但是随着镉胁迫程度的加重和胁迫时间的延长,这种作用开始下降,最后甚至与镉发生协同作用,不仅不能缓解镉对水稻幼苗的毒害,反而更加剧了镉对水稻幼苗的毒害,这说明适量的稀土元素对重金属胁迫下植物生长有一定的防护效应,但是这种效应与重金属胁迫的浓度大小、胁迫的时间长短有着密切的关系。此外,镉在水稻幼苗体内的富集规律是:根系>地上部,镉的富集与各处理组镉浓度之间有比较明显的剂量效应关系,但是,镧处理并未降低水稻幼苗地上部分及根系中镉的质量分数。     

不同臭氧熏气方式对油菜光合速率、生物量和产量的影响

为准确评价臭氧(O3)浓度升高对农作物的影响,运用田间原位开顶气室(open-topchamber,OTC)研究了高浓度O3对油菜光合作用、生物量和产量的影响.实验包括3种O3水平,一种为经活性炭过滤的空气(CF),两种高浓度O3处理:经活性炭过滤后的空气加入恒定浓度为100nL·L-1的O(3CF100);经活性炭过滤后的空气加入具有日变化特征,其平均浓度和剂量与CF100相同的O3(CF100D).结果表明,CF100和CF100D均能使油菜叶片膜透性和H2O2自由基含量增加,光合色素含量和光合速率(photosynthesisrate,Pn)降低,最终导致油菜生物量和产量降低.与CF相比,CF100和CF100D熏气下油菜单位面积产量分别降低3.7%和18.6%.同时,实验还表明,CF100D对油菜的影响大于相同剂量的CF100.以上结果表明:1)高浓度的O(3CF100和CF100D)能够破坏细胞膜系统,减少光合色素数量,降低光合速率,从而降低作物生物量和产量;2)相同平均浓度和剂量的高浓度O3对油菜的影响因熏气方式的不同而有明显差异,目前采用的O3平均浓度和O3剂量指标不能准确评价O3浓度升高对油菜的影响.     

有机肥与植物种类对铁肥形态转化及其有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验的方法,研究了牛粪和植物种类对石灰性土壤中铁肥形态转化及其有效性的影响。结果表明,牛粪施用改变了土壤中铁(含外源铁)的有效性及其在各形态铁间的分配。从长期的观点来看,牛粪施用能提高土壤铁的有效性,有利于土壤铁有效供给的维持。与花生相比,油莱对土壤铁具有更高的利用和活化能力,种植油菜后,土壤交换态铁被耗竭,而有效铁、氧化锰结合态铁和无定形氧化铁结合态铁的含量明显提高。有机肥的合理施用和铁效率差异性植物间的轮作或间作是增加、维系土壤铁有效性的重要农艺措施。     

铅胁迫下La(NO3)3对油菜抗氧化酶的影响

用盆栽实验研究了 1g·kg- 1和 2g·kg- 1铅胁迫下 ,分别以 0 1 ,0 3和 0 5g·l- 1La(NO3 ) 3 溶液浸种 ,然后测定油菜幼苗中超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性和脂质过氧化产物丙二醛 (MDA)的含量 ,以及油菜幼苗生长的情况 .结果表明 ,稀土元素镧可以提高油菜幼苗地上和地下部分超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性 ,并降低丙二醛的含量 ,但是对于油菜幼苗生长的影响并不显著 ,显示镧能够在一定时间内抑制超氧阴离子自由基的产生以抵御铅的胁迫 .     

Influence of Lead on Atrazine Uptake by Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings from Nutrient Solution (7 pp)

Background Atrazine is a widely used herbicide, and its persistence in soil and water causes environmental concerns. In the past, plat uptake processes are mainly investigated for single contaminants. However, in many cases, contaminants co-exist in environmental matrix, such as soil, and plant uptake of one contaminant may be influenced by its co-existing ones.Methods The uptake of atrazine by rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) from nutrient solution through the roots was investigated in a solution culture, over an exposure period of 4 weeks. Atrazine accumulation in plant tissues was determined by gas chromatography, and lead was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry.Results and Discussion With different ratios of atrazine and Pb2+ concentrations in solution, the observed atrazine concentrations in shoots and roots varied significantly. In atrazine-Pb2+ mixture systems, the added Pb2+ either increased or decreased the concentrations or BCFs of atrazine in seedlings (relative to those without Pb2+), depending on the atrazine-Pb2+ ratio in nutrient solution. The enhanced atrazine uptake results presumably from atrazine-Pb2+ complex formation. The reduced atrazine uptake, which occurred mainly at high atrazine concentrations, is attributed to atrazine toxicity that inhibited seedling growth and transpiration. Conclusion The formation of atrazine-Pb2+ complex both in the solution and within plant tissues may affect the accumulation of both contaminants by rice plants.     

铅迫胁下黄瓜幼苗期叶片内源激素的变化

土壤中的重金属污染会对植物造成伤害,在细胞内重金属离子会通过不同途径干扰和破坏细胞的正常代谢。植物激素能调节和控制植物的生长和发育。以黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)为材料,通过人工模拟重金属污染环境,对不同质量浓度铅胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的叶片,采用高效液相色谱法进行生长素(IAA)、细胞分裂素(Z)、赤霉素(GA3)、脱落酸(ABA)的分离、纯化和测定。探讨重金属污染对植物内源激素水平方面的变化的影响,进一步了解重金属污染对植物产生伤害的机制及抵御胁迫所发生的变化,从而采取有效措施解决重金属污染的问题。结果发现:所测的几种激素均表现出明显的变化规律:GA3、ABA升高,IAA、Z含量先上升后下降;同时经比较分析得出,随着铅质量浓度的增大,IAA/ABA、Z/ABA及GA3/ABA之比下降,Z/IAA升高。结果表明黄瓜幼苗期抵抗重金属污染的能力与内源激素水平及内源激素平衡有关。     

五种亚热带树苗的生长与干物质分配格局对大气污染胁迫的响应

将乡土木本植物猫尾木Dolichandronecauda-felina、蒲桃Syzygiumjambos、野牡丹Melastomacandidum、翻白叶树Pterospermumheterophyllum以及鸭脚木Scheffleraoctophylla1年生袋装苗盆栽,置半庇荫环境下适应4周,之后按株数均等分成两组,分别放置在南海五星污染区和广州华南植物园清洁区进行试验。5个月后进行植物构形生长参数和干物质量的测定,以探讨这5种亚热带树苗对大气污染响应的差异。结果表明,①这5种树苗均能在清洁区和污染区都存活,但生长特征表现明显差别。②除翻白叶树基径有少许增大外,大气污染基本上都使植物基径生长减小;树高方面,除了蒲桃外,其余树种树高都有所降低,鸭脚木树高受到的影响最为严重。③翻白叶树与猫尾木单株侧枝数有少许增加,而蒲桃和鸭脚木单株侧枝数有大幅度地下降,分别减少为清洁区单株侧枝数的46.5%和65.1%,野牡丹单株侧枝数基本上没有受到影响。④在污染区生长的5个树种单株干物质总量除了翻白叶树有所增加外,其余4个树种单株干物质量均有不同程度地下降。⑤除了蒲桃保持不变外,污染区?生长4种植物冠根比(CRR)均有不同程度地增加。在污染区生长的植株叶质量比(LWR)和叶面积比(LAR)与清洁区相比存在差异,野牡丹和蒲桃叶质量比和叶面积比下降,而其余3种植物叶质量比和叶面积比上升。综合实验结果表明,5种植物幼苗中对大气污染抗性最强的是翻白叶树和蒲桃,抗性最弱的是鸭脚木。     

Effects of lanthanum（Ⅲ） on nitrogen metabolism of soybean seedlings under elevated UV-B radiation

The hydroponic culture experiments of soybean bean seedlings were conducted to investigate the effect of lanthanum(La)on nitrogen metabolism under two different levels of elevated UV-B radiation(UV-B,280-320 nm).The whole process of nitrogen metabolism involves uptake and transport of nitrate,nitrate assimilation,ammonium assimilation,amino acid biosynthesis,and protein synthesis. Compared with the control,UV-B radiation with the intensity of low level 0.15 W/m~2 and high level 0.45 W/m~2 significantly affected the whole nitrogen metabolism in soybean seedlings(p<0.05).It restricted uptake and transport of NO_3~-,inhibited activity of some key nitrogen-metabolism-related enzymes,such as:nitrate reductase(NR)to the nitrate reduction,glutamine systhetase(GS)and glutamine synthase(GOGAT)to the ammonia assimilation,while it increased the content of free amino acids and decreased that of soluble protein as well.The damage effect of high level of UV-B radiation on nitrogen metabolism was greater than that of low level. And UV-B radiation promoted the activity of the anti-adversity enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH),which reduced the toxicity of excess ammonia in plant.After pretreatment with the optimum concentration of La(20 mg/L),La could increase the activity of NR, GS,GOGAT,and GDH,and ammonia assimilation,but decrease nitrate and ammonia accumulation.In conclusion,La could relieve the damage effect of UV-B radiation on plant by regulating nitrogen metabolism process,and its alleviating effect under low level was better than that under the high one.     

稀土元素La对油菜某些生理指标的影响及其临界浓度

通过水培试验 ,研究了稀土元素La对油菜生物量和叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性、根系活力、POD活性等一系列生理指标的影响。结果表明 :喷施或根施 0 0 3～ 3mg/kg的La3+对油菜的生长起了一定的促进作用 ,表现为生物量、叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性和根系活力增加 ;而高于 3 0mg/kg浓度的La3+对油菜的生长产生了抑制作用 ,油菜生物量、叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性和根系活力降低 ,POD活性增高。La对油菜的临界浓度为 3 0mg/kg。